Preventive action involves identifying a potential issue in advance (e.g. through
FMEA) and implementing controls or other actions so it never happens.
J.F. Halpin's
Zero Defects (1966) describes the Error Cause Removal (ECR) program in which any employee can report a potential cause of poor quality. The process owner can implement preventive action.
Hiyari hatto = "experience of almost accident situation" is a safety near-miss report that results in preventive action before a safety incident actually happens. "I could have put my hand in the machine while it was running!" results in installation of a guard to make this impossible, which is preventive action.
for "I almost hit the deer" (in Japan). What preventive action (deer whistles?) can be taken to ensure that we cannot hit a deer? (The loud noise might have been from a proximity sensor of some kind.) "Be careful" is an administrative and not an engineering control.
https://www.shinetsu.co.jp/en/csr/pdf/090713hiyarihat.pdf for Shin Etsu chemical hiyari hatto reports.